The 1934 FIFA World Cup was the second FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in Italy from 27 May to 10 June 1934.
The 1934 World Cup was the first for which teams had to qualify to take part. Thirty-two nations entered the competition, and after qualification, 16 teams participated in the finals tournament.Italy became the second World Cup champions, beating Czechoslovakia 2-1 in the final.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Host selection
Main article: FIFA World Cup hosts
After a lengthy decision-making process in which FIFA's executive committee met eight times,[2]Italy was chosen as the host nation at a meeting in Stockholm on 9 October 1932.[3] The decision was taken by the executive committee without a ballot of members.[3] The Italian bid was chosen in preference to one from Sweden;[4] the Italian government assigned a budget of 3.5 million lire to the tournament.[5]
[edit]Qualification and participants
Main article: 1934 FIFA World Cup qualification
32 countries applied to enter the tournament, so qualifying matches were required to thin the field to 16.[3] Even so, there were several notable absentees. Reigning World Cup holders Uruguay declined to participate, in protest at the refusal of several European countries to travel to South America for the previous World Cup, which Uruguay had hosted in 1930.[6] As a result, the 1934 World Cup is the only one in which the reigning champions did not participate.[7] The Home Nations, in a period of self-imposed exile from FIFA, also refused to participate. Football Association committee member Charles Sutcliffe's view was typical of British attitudes: "the national associations of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland have quite enough to do in their own International Championship which seems to me a far better World Championship than the one to be staged in Rome".[8]
Despite their role as hosts, Italy were still required to qualify, the first and only time the host nation was not granted automatic qualification.[3]The qualifying matches were arranged on a geographical basis. Withdrawals by Chile and Peru meant Argentina and Brazil qualified without playing a single match.[9]
Twelve of the sixteen places were allocated to Europe, three to the Americas, and one to Africa or Asia (including Turkey). Only ten of the 32 entrants, and four of the 16 qualified teams (Brazil, Argentina, United States and Egypt, the first African team to qualify for a World Cup finals tournament), were from outside Europe. The last place in the finals was contested between the United States and Mexico only three days before the start of the tournament in a one-off match in Rome, which the United States won.[10]
The majority of the 16 teams were making their first World Cup appearance. These included nine of the twelve European teams (Italy, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Austria, and Switzerland) together with Egypt. Egypt would not qualify for another World Cup finals until the next time the competition was held in Italy, in 1990.
[edit]Italy as hosts
Bologna
Florence
Genoa
Milan
Naples
Rome
Trieste
Turin
A map showing the locations of the venues used at the 1934 FIFA World Cup
Like the Berlin Olympics two years later, the 1934 World Cup was a high-profile instance of a sporting event being used for overt political gain. Benito Mussolini was keen to use the tournament as a means of promoting fascism.
The number of supporters travelling from other countries was higher than at any previous football tournament, including 7,000 from the Netherlands and 10,000 each from Austria and Switzerland.[11]
Eight cities hosted the tournament:
- Bologna, Stadio Littoriale
- Florence, Stadio Giovanni Berta
- Genoa, Stadio Luigi Ferraris
- Milan, Stadio San Siro
- Naples, Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli
- Rome, Stadio Nazionale PNF
- Trieste, Stadio Littorio
- Turin, Stadio Benito Mussolini
[edit]Format
The group stage used in the first World Cup was discarded in favour of a straight knockout tournament. If a match was tied after ninety minutes, then thirty minutes of extra time were played. If the score was still tied after extra time, the match would be replayed the next day.
The eight seeded teams -- Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary -- were kept apart in the first round.
[edit]Summary
For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament, see 1934 FIFA World Cup squads.
All eight first round matches kicked off at the same time.[12] Hosts and favourites Italy won handsomely, defeating the USA 7–1; the New York Times correspondent wrote that "only the fine goal-tending of Julius Hjulian of Chicago kept the score as low as it was".[13]
Internal disputes meant Argentina's squad for the tournament did not contain a single member of the team which had reached the final in 1930.[14] Against Sweden in Bologna, Argentina twice took the lead, but two goals by Sven Jonasson and a winner by Knut Kroon gave Sweden a 3–2 victory.[15] Fellow South Americans Brazil also suffered an early exit. Spain beat them comfortably; 3–1 the final score.[16]
For the only time in World Cup history, the last eight consisted entirely of European teams—Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary,Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. All four non-European teams who made the journey to Italy were eliminated after one match.
In the quarter-finals, the first replayed match in World Cup history took place, when Italy and Spain drew 1-1 after extra time. The match was played in a highly aggressive manner. Rough play injured the Spanish goalkeeper Ricardo Zamora in the first match, leaving him unable to participate in the replay.[17] Italy won the replay 1-0, their play so physical that at least three Spaniards had to depart the field with injuries.[18] Italy then went on to beat Austria in the semifinals by the same score. Meanwhile, Czechoslovakia secured their place in the final by beating Germany 3-1.
The Stadium of the National Fascist Party was the venue for the final. With 80 minutes played, the Czechoslovakians were ahead 1-0. The Italians managed to score before the final whistle, and then added another goal in extra time to be crowned World Cup Winners.
Italy's total of three goals conceded in five matches was a record low for a world champion. It was matched by England in 1966 (who played six matches) and Brazil in 1994 (who played seven), but was not surpassed until 1998 when France won the World Cup conceding only two goals over seven games.
[edit]Results
| First round | Quarter-finals | Semi-finals | Final | |||||||||||
| 27 May – Rome | ||||||||||||||
 Italy | 7 | |||||||||||||
| 31 May – Florence (replayed 1 June) | ||||||||||||||
 United States | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Italy | 1 (1) | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Genoa | ||||||||||||||
 Spain | 1 (0) | |||||||||||||
| Spain | 3 | |||||||||||||
| 3 June – Milan | ||||||||||||||
 Brazil | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Italy | 1 | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Turin | ||||||||||||||
 Austria | 0 | |||||||||||||
| Austria (a.e.t.) | 3 | |||||||||||||
| 31 May – Bologna | ||||||||||||||
 France | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Austria | 2 | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Naples | ||||||||||||||
 Hungary | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Hungary | 4 | |||||||||||||
| 10 June – Rome | ||||||||||||||
 Egypt | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Italy (a.e.t.) | 2 | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Trieste | ||||||||||||||
 Czechoslovakia | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Czechoslovakia | 2 | |||||||||||||
| 31 May – Turin | ||||||||||||||
 Romania | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Czechoslovakia | 3 | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Milan | ||||||||||||||
 Switzerland | 2 | |||||||||||||
 Netherlands | 2 | |||||||||||||
| 3 June – Rome | ||||||||||||||
| Switzerland | 3 | |||||||||||||
| Czechoslovakia | 3 | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Florence | ||||||||||||||
 Germany | 1 | Third place | ||||||||||||
| Germany | 5 | |||||||||||||
| 31 May – Milan | 7 June – Naples | |||||||||||||
 Belgium | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Germany | 2 | Germany | 3 | |||||||||||
| 27 May – Bologna | ||||||||||||||
 Sweden | 1 | Austria | 2 | |||||||||||
| Sweden | 3 | |||||||||||||
 Argentina | 2 | |||||||||||||
[edit]First round
| 27 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Spain | 3 – 1 | Brazil | Stadio Luigi Ferraris, Genoa Attendance: ~25,000 Referee: Alfred Birlem (Germany) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Iraragorri  18' (pen.), 25'[19]Lángara 29' | Report | Leônidas 55' |
| 27 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Hungary | 4 – 2 | Egypt | Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli, Naples Attendance: ~12,000 Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina (Italy) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Teleki 11' Toldi 27', 61'Vincze 53' | Report | Fawzi 31', 39' |
| 27 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Switzerland | 3 – 2 | Netherlands | Stadio San Siro, Milan Attendance: ~40,000 Referee: Ivan Eklind (Sweden) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kielholz 7', 43'[20] Abegglen 69' | Report | Smit 19' Vente 84' |
| 27 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Italy | 7 – 1 | United States | Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome Attendance: ~13,000 Referee: Rene Mercet (Switzerland) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schiavio 18', 29', 64' Orsi 20', 69'Ferrari 63'Meazza 90'[21] | Report | Donelli 57' |
| 27 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Czechoslovakia | 2 – 1 | Romania | Stadio Littorio, Trieste Attendance: ~8,000 Referee: John Langenus (Belgium) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Puč 50' Nejedlý 67' | Report | Dobay 11' |
| 27 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Sweden | 3 – 2 | Argentina | Stadio Littoriale, Bologna Attendance: ~15,000 Referee: Eugen Braun (Austria) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jonasson 9', 67' Kroon 79' | Report | Belis 4' Galateo 48'[22] |
| 27 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Austria | 3 – 2 (a.e.t.) | France | Stadio Benito Mussolini, Turin Attendance: ~20,000 Referee: Johannes van Moorsel(Netherlands) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sindelar 44' Schall 93'Bican 109' | Report | Nicolas 18' Verriest 116' (pen.)[23] |
| 27 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Germany | 5 – 2 | Belgium | Stadio Giovanni Berta, Florence Attendance: ~8,000 Referee: Francesco Mattea (Italy) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kobierski 25' Siffling 49'Conen 66', 70', 87' | Report | Voorhoof 29', 43' |
[edit]Quarter-finals
| 31 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Austria | 2 – 1 | Hungary | Stadio Littoriale, Bologna Attendance: ~25,000 Referee: Francesco Mattea (Italy) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Horvath 8' Zischek 51' | Report | Sárosi 60' (pen.) |
| 31 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Italy | 1 – 1 (a.e.t.) | Spain | Stadio Giovanni Berta, Florence Attendance: ~35,000 Referee: Louis Baert (Belgium) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ferrari 44' | Report | Regueiro 30' |
| 31 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Germany | 2 – 1 | Sweden | Stadio San Siro, Milan Attendance: ~15,000 Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina (Italy) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hohmann 60', 63' | Report | Dunker 82' |
| 31 May 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Czechoslovakia | 3 – 2 | Switzerland | Stadio Benito Mussolini, Turin Attendance: ~12,000 Referee: Alois Beranek (Austria) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Svoboda 24' Sobotka 49'Nejedlý 82' | Report | Kielholz 18' Jäggi 78' |
- Replay
| 1 June 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Italy | 1 – 0 | Spain | Stadio Giovanni Berta, Florence Attendance: ~45,000 Referee: Rene Mercet (Switzerland) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meazza 11' | Report |
[edit]Semi-finals
| 3 June 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Italy | 1 – 0 | Austria | Stadio San Siro, Milan Attendance: ~60,000 Referee: Ivan Eklind (Sweden) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guaita 19' | Report |
| 3 June 1934 16:30 (CEST) | Czechoslovakia | 3 – 1 | Germany | Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome Attendance: ~10,000 Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina (Italy) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nejedlý 19', 71', 80'[24][25][26] | Report | Noack 62'[27] |
[edit]Third-place match
| 7 June 1934 18:00 (CEST) | Germany | 3 – 2 | Austria | Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli, Naples Attendance: ~8,000 Referee: Albino Carraro (Italy) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lehner 1', 42'[28] Conen 27'[20] | Report | Horvath 28'[29] Sesta 54'[30] |
[edit]Final
Main article: 1934 FIFA World Cup Final
| 10 June 1934 17:30 (CEST) | Italy | 2 – 1 (a.e.t.) | Czechoslovakia | Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome Attendance: ~45,000 Referee: Ivan Eklind (Sweden) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orsi 81' Schiavio 95' | Report | Puč 76'[31] |
[edit]Scorers
|
|
|
[edit]FIFA Retrospective Ranking
In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition.[32] The rankings for the 1934 tournament were as follows:
Final
3rd and 4th place
Eliminated in the quarter-finals
Eliminated in the round of 16
[edit]References
- ^ FIFA book of statutes, Roma 1934, prtd. Gebr. Fey & Kratz, Zürich, FIFA internal libray no. C br. 18, 1955
- ^ Freddi, Complete Book of the World Cup 2006, p. 15
- ^ a b c d Hunt, World Cup Stories, p. 23
- ^ "History of FIFA - The first FIFA World Cup". FIFA. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- ^ Goldblatt, The Ball is Round, p. 255
- ^ Crouch, The World Cup: The Complete History, p. 16
- ^ Glanville, The Story of the World Cup, p. 25
- ^ Taylor, The Leaguers, p. 217.
- ^ Crouch, The World Cup: The Complete History, p. 14
- ^ "World Cup 1934". ESPN. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
- ^ Murray & Murray, The World's Game, p69
- ^ Hunt, World Cup Stories. p. 26.
- ^ Wangerin, Soccer in a Football World, p. 98
- ^ Glanville, The Story of the World Cup, p. 26.
- ^ Freddi, Complete Book of the World Cup 2006, p. 20
- ^ Hunt, World Cup Stories. p. 27.
- ^ Baker, Sports in the Western World, p248
- ^ Wilson, Inverting the Pyramid, p71
- ^ RSSSF credits the goal in the 25th minute to Isidro Lángara.
- ^ a b RSSSF credits this goal as occurring in the 29th minute.
- ^ RSSSF credits this goal as occurring in the 89th minute.
- ^ RSSSF credits this goal as occurring in the 46th minute.
- ^ RSSSF credits this penalty as occurring in the 118th minute.
- ^ RSSSF credits the 19th minute goal as occurring in the 21st minute.
- ^ FIFA initially credits the 71st minute goal to Rudolf Krčil, but changed it to Nejedlý in 2006 [1]. RSSSF credits this goal as occurring in the 69th minute.
- ^ RSSSF credits the 80th minute goal as occurring in the 81st minute.
- ^ RSSSF credits this goal as occurring in the 59th minute.
- ^ RSSSF credits the 1st minute goal as occurring in the 4th minute
- ^ RSSSF credits this goal as occurring in the 30th minute.
- ^ RSSSF credits this goal as occurring in the 55th minute.
- ^ RSSSF credits this goal as occurring in the 71st minute.
- ^http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc_mexico_1986_en_part4_279.pdfpage 45
[edit]Bibliography
- Baker, William Joseph (1988). Sports in the Western World. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252060427.
- Crouch, Terry (2002). The World Cup: The Complete History. London: Aurum. ISBN 1-85410-843-3.
- Freddi, Cris (2006). Complete Book of the World Cup 2006. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-722916-X.
- Glanville, Brian (2005). The Story of the World Cup. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-22944-1.
- Goldblatt, David (2007). The Ball is Round: A Global History of Football. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101582-8.
- Hunt, Chris (2006). World Cup Stories: The history of the FIFA World Cup. Ware: Interact. ISBN 0-9549819-2-8.
- Murray, Bill; Murray, William J. (1998). The World's Game: A History of Soccer. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252067181.
- Taylor, Matthew (2005). The leaguers: the making of professional football in England, 1900–1939. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.ISBN 9780853236399.
- Wangerin, Dave (2006). Soccer in a Football World. London: WSC Books. ISBN 9780954013479.
- Wilson, Jonathan (2008). Inverting the Pyramid: The History of Football Tactics. London: Orion. ISBN 978-1-4091-0204-5.
No comments:
Post a Comment